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Research Notes on The Hungarian Holocaust

Michael Honey

14^th July, 2008

This presentation of the terrible events in Hungary and Auschwitz from about the 1^st May, 1944 to the 25^th July 1944 is based primarily on two lists of trains about the unfortunate Jews who lived in the provinces of Hungary proper and who lived in the added provinces which the Germans had ceded to the Hungarian government because Hungary fought as allies of Nazi Germany during World War II. 

These added provinces were in Serbia to the south of Hungary, Transylvania (Romania) to the east Sub Carpahtia (Ukraina) and Slovakia to the north.  Hungary had claimed these added provinces in order to establish again what Hungarians refer to as:  "Greater Hungary".

I have made a tabulation of the data from these two lists;

1. JUDr. Mikuláš Gaško of Košice (pronounced Koshice) in Slovakia put the list on the internet under the Web Site.http://147.232.145.11/history/zidovsky/vlaksmrti.htm also as an Appendix to The Politics of Genocide ³⁾.  The Gaško list was made from the railway records of the Košice railway station.  It is a most useful list recording the date of each train passing Košice, the place of origin of each train and the number of people being shipped.
    
2. The Leo Glaser list was made by the Capo of the Kleiderkammer (Clothing Department) at the arrival rail ramp in Birkenau Auschwitz.  This list records only date of arrival of each train, a general description of the prisoners such as “Hungarian Jews” and it records the number of men selected to be prisoners able to do manual labour.

In the transports from Backa Topola and from Budapest (Kistarcsa) before the Eichmann Action started on 14th May 1944.there were 3,800 Hungarian Jews sent to Auschwitz, of those 2,698 were killed.

Then, and in addition 22,244 Hungarian Jews were killed of those who came to Auxchwitz in the 9 additional Glaser trains,

All reference to these will also be marked in red color in the following text.

This makes the following sum;                                                                               Arrived        People

                                                                                                                        Auschwitz      Killed

Jews sent from Budapest and Backo Topola, arrived Auschwitz 2^nd May, 1944            3,800          2,698

Jews sent from about 55 Ghetos established by the Hungarian Government             402,117       298,739

9 more trains as per Glaser List (these are in the tabulation 3160 people per train)     28,440        22,244

Totals 1^st May 1944 up to 25^th July 1944, twelve weeks.                                         434,357       323,681

The data from both the Gaško and the Glaser Lists have been put in columns next to each other in their consecutive date order in the following large tabulation of all the trains.  Dates of arrival in Auschwitz obviously follow dates when the trains passed through Kosice.  This means that eventually this obvious overlap cannot follow, thus Glaser trains have to be added in the tabulation in order to preserve this logic.  The trains added in this way are listed train Nos. a to i and are listed in the red color

The Gaško list reports details on 137 trains, when we include the two trains reported on 2^nd May in the Auschwitz Chronicle¹⁾ and in Jalkut Moreshet²⁾ this makes 139 trains.  These brought to the killing ground at Auschwitz 402,117 people according to the information on the 139 trains.  Leo Glaser did not record the number arriving, that was not his business at the arrival ramp.  His duty was to provide prison clothing for those who passed the selection and were admitted to the camp.  We have however the reports from Ferenczy and from Vesenmayer in Table 19.1, see The Politics of Genocide by Randolph L. Braham³⁾ that the total deportation figures are 434,351 and 437,402 for the respective sources.  The above figures have been arranged to agree closely to Ferenczy’s figure of 434,351. 

The estimate for those killed in the same period based on these figures for the 139 trains plus the 9 trains listed as arriving by the Glaser list is 323,681.  The average for each of the 9 trains, 3,160 people has been arrived at by equating the people arriving to the Ferenczy figure  The report from Glasers list that 148 trains arrived from Hungary between the dates 2^nd May to 25^th July 1944 is backed up by the above mentioned Table 19.1 for this also reports that there were 55 ghettos and 147 trains.  The discrepancy in the number of trains may be that Leo Glaser does not differentiate between Hungarian and Slovak Jews.  Indeed under German rule there was a southern part of Slovakia which was considered Hungarian and then there was a northern part which was then an independent Slovak state.  There is another possibility for this discrepancy and that is reported in The Politics of Genocide by Randolph L. Braham³⁾ on p. 608, Vol.2 as Extraordinary Deportations.  Here 21,700 Jews are said to have been deported by Hungarian and German military authorities and probably do not figure in Ferenczy's reports.  Trains from Baja which left May 25 -27 are mentioned to have stopped at Gaensendorf to unload 45 dead.  This is most probably a typo mistake the name of this station should be Gaenserndorf in Austria quite near the Slovakian border and the city of Bratislava.  This is one station north of the Strasshof camp where 30,000 Jews were to be housed ‘on ice, Eichman’s words. The train route from here enters Moravia and north to Krakow via Auschwitz.  It is quite probable that Baia and Szekesfehervar (SW of Budapest) are two additional ghettos in the list of 55.  Trains from these two ghettos never went through Kosice which is in the east of Slovakia.

323,681 / 434,357 = 75%

Leo Glaser’s letter to the Military Governor at Linz dated 5^th August, 1945 estimated that only 20% of arrivals were admitted to the camp, see his letter and English translation in the Appendix to this Research Note.   The estimate in the train analysis tabulation does show that based on both the Gaško and Glaser lists 25% of the people were admitted to the camps.

Himmler had the SS divided into two groups of officials the RSHA (Reichssicherheitszentralstelle) and the WVHA (Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungshauptamt).  These two bodies had in 1944 two opposing policies.  The RSHA wanted to ‘relocate and kill as many Jews as possible'.  The WVHA needed slave labour to clear the rubble of allied bombing and to work in the essential industries for the German war effort.  Eichmann was a member of the RSHA.  In the midst of the Hungarian action the WVHA wrote to Eichmann about the many requests for labour in nearby Austria and there was a general pressure from many bodies to stop this very rapid rate of killing.  Not least were the reactions in the west to the reports of Raoul Wallenberg, the Swedish envoy then in Budapest. With these influences in the background Eichmann offered a deal to Kaestner to put 30,000 Jews ‘on ice’ (Eichmann’s phrase).  In order to make the deal The Jewish community of Budapest had to advance an exorbitant fee in cash. This sort of demand for a ransom was used by the nobility in times past to extricate Jews from jail on trumped up charges of blood libel and the like.  The deal was made and transports of Jews probably left Hungary for Strasshof in Austria after 16^th June and possibly also after 25^th June.  If these people were in similar transports then this would account for 10 trains each about 3,000 people for each train.  Subsequent reports say that the occupancy of Strasshof was only 20,787 people, see The Politics of Genocide by Randolph L. Braham³⁾ p.652.  We do not know how many Jews were further relocated to other places of slave labour work.

As far as the tabulation is concerned nine trains have been added in red color.  Each probably had about 3,160 people.  This has been done in order to match the ends of all the Glaser List with that of the Gaško List entries on the 25^th July, 1944, the end of the Eichman Action. 

We do not know the origin in Hungary of the Jews sent in these added nine trains recorded in the Glaser list.  It is probable that these trains went by way of Austria as if they were going to Strasshof but were then diverted past Vienna, through Moravia and Bohumin to Poland and Auschwitz.  What we do know is that they arrived as per the Glaser List and some people from them were selected to live.  The Glaser list was made in Auschwitz where on the rail ramp the place of origin of the start of the train was not recorded.

What we do know is that they arrived as per the Glaser List and people from them were selected to live as if they were trains that we knew the origin of. The arrival in Auschwitz count of Hungarian Trains marked on the Glaser List ‘ung.Juden’.  Two trains are listed in addition right at the begin of the tabulation.  These are recorded as arriving see Auschwitz Chronicle¹⁾ 2^nd May, 1944 page 618 by Danuta Czech. (Eng. Translation, Publ. By I.B. Tauris, London 1990).  Also see Jalkut Moreshet, May 1985, Article by Sari Reuveni.  Three first trains (Danuta Czech says 3) of the Eichmann Action are also listed in the Auschwitz Chronicle¹⁾ see p.627 as arriving at the Auschwitz railway ramp on 16^th May 1944.  These were the trains from Nyiregyhaza, Mukačevo and Košice as per the enclosed analysis of trains.

For reasons which are not really explained the Auschwitz Chronicle ¹⁾ becomes very sparse in data on the Hungarian Action.  Even the number of them is not given in reports subsequent to the 16^th May report which says 3.  Thus the paragraph for 17^th May and subsequent reports up to 25^th July, 1944 merely record that out of RSHA transports from Hiungary some twins are selected.  It is not possible to link these paragraphs to either the Glaser List or the Gaško List.  These paragraphs continue to be written in this fashion uselessly only concentrating on the twins which are among those selected to live.  This book was written in communist times and reflects neglect of the real issues and data which are in themselves very dramatic.

2 of the 9 trains added due to the Glaser List are almost certainly those from Baia which stopped at Gänserndorf, Austria.  These did not go through Košice see The Politics of Genocide ³⁾.   Thus Barcs and Szekesfehervár were probably similar ghettos.  The geographic location of each ghetto is most important and thus a map of all the ghettos was drawn, see Appendix 3.

Ghettos of the Hungarian Action

(listed from the west)

Those marked in red color account for the origin of 4 (2 for Baia) out of the 9 added trains due to the Glaser List.  The other 5 trains were probably trains diverted from Debrecen, Szeged and Szolnok, these could be classed as Strasshof diversions.  The only way to confirm these is by examining local archives of these three towns.  There is a statement on ‘Extraordinary Deportations, see The Politics of Genocide by Randolph L. Braham, p. 608 ³⁾.  Some 21,700 Jews were deported from the provinces bordering Jugoslavia,  These may have accounted for about 7 trains.  It is tempting to assume that the 9 extra Glaser train originated 2 from Baia and 7 from the Jugoslav border region. 

Prof. Randolph L. Braham lists the clue to this in his book, the Politics of Genocide, Vol. II page 643/644.  Here is described the journey from Baja late in May 1944, a town on the Danube in the south of Hungary.  The book says how the train was waiting fully laden in the heat of summer and then went through Gänsendorf another two days where on opening the doors it was found that there were already 45 corpses of people who died on the train.

The problem is that Gänsendorf does not exist, not in Hungary, not in Slovakia and not in Austria.  A search of rail routes from Hungary into Austria reveals the town of Bruck an der Leitha as a rail junction and the next station further north is Gänserndorf with an ”r” inserted, this appears to be just a “typo” mistake in the printing of  the Politics of Genocide.

But it is sure that Gänserndorf is the correct place name, because this is just one station north of Strasshof an der Nordbahn which is the correct site of the camp of the intended 30,000 Hungarian slaves which the Germans needed for manual labour.  The map as redrawn including rail routes shows Gänserndorf and Strasshof an der Nordbahn.  These are much further north near the Moravian border to the northeast of Vienna.  And without doubt the alternative southern rail route to Auschwitz.

It is a major lacuna in the book by Prof. Randolph L. Braham, The Politics of Genocide that he has totally failed to follow up what was done at the fictitious Gänsendorf (without an ‘r’) to establish what happened to 45 dead bodies nor to provide any evidence against Obersturmbannführer Hermann A. Krumey who was appointed to be the Befehlshaber in Vienna.  How was it that Strasshof  received only 20,787 people instead of the 30,000 for which a substantial ransom was paid.  Where did the 9,213 people go?  The good  professor has completely failed to follow these points up, nor did these points come up at any of the unsuccessful Krumey trials in  Austria.  There are other lacuna in the book Politics of Genocide such as discrepancies for ghettos where insufficient people were shipped to the extermination site Auschwitz.  These discrepancies are a subject of its own studies, need to be done on Pinkasei Kehila.  The major problem here is that Pinkasei Kehila were not written for Subcarpathian Ukraina, previously Czechoslovakia and for Transylvania now Romania.  The fates of 90,000 people who were in the Gaško and Glaser trains cannot be properly followed up because the data has not been researched nor written up for these ceded Hungarian regions.

The trains listed by Gaško arrived every day except for two periods one of these is 16^th to 25^th June when the Strasshof trains started and the other period of interruption in the rate of trains arriving is from  11^th to 22^nd of July when the Hungarian action was almost over.  About the former stoppage a note on p. 652 of the Auschwitz Chronicle ¹⁾ explains that this was to accelerate the action thus;

“Hoess was probably in Budapest 16^th to 26^th June during a several day interruption in the preparation of the transport trains.”

In this June stoppage several things were probably taking place at the same time.  To name but two:

• Voices were raised objecting to the shipment of so many Jews in so many trains to Auschwitz and the ransom deal, Eichmann and Koestner, was finalized on or about the 25^th June.  One Debrecen train, plus several others were diverted to go to the Arbeitslager Strasshof in Austria.  Some of these trains were possibly diverted to Auschwitz in order to maximise the number of Jews to be killed.  Strasshof should have had 30,000 Hungarian Jews, but in the event only 20,787 got into this camp.  This may have been done by the man appointed by Eichmann to be in charge of Hungarian Jews in Austria, Obersturmbannführer Hermann A. Krumey who was appointed to be the Befehlshaber in Vienna.  This shortfall of 9,213 people may have accounted for a further 3 of the trains marked red in the analysis.
   

• The Gaško trains all went via Kosice and crossed into Poland at Medzilaborce, then through Tarnów, and Kraków to Auschwitz. There was also an alternative and shorter route from Kosice to the Slovak border at Kostolany nad Hornadom, and then through Kysak, Prešov and Orlov (Slovak boarder station), Muszyna (Polish border station), Novy Sacz, Tarnow and  Kraków to the endstation Auschwitz. The 9 extra trains added because of the Glaser List all went west, probably through Gänserndorf just west across the Slovak border in Austria, then through Ostrava in Moravia, crossed into Poland at Bohumin and on to Auschwitz.  The two lists could only be combined because at the time of the two stoppages of trains leaving for Auschwitz through Košice trains through Austria were substituted..  If one does not add these trains some trains would appear to have taken a week to arrive at their terrible destination.  And some trains would appear to have arrived in Auschwitz before they passed through Košice.  But mainly the numbers of the two lists could not have been joined to show how people left Hungary, most going through Košice and the added trains of people arriving in Auschwitz as recorded in the Glaser List..

A map has been made of all the departure points known from the Gaško List and from the reference works listed below.  The internment centers were more or less jails at Backa Topola (now in Serbia south of Subotica), Nagykanizsa, Sarvar, Kistarcsa (in Budapest near the train departure point Rakoscaba) and probably also Baia, played an important part in the continuing rate of dispatch of trains from Hungary during these terrible 12 weeks.  Eichmann true to his masters in the RSHA (Reichssicherheitszentralstelle) in Berlin wanted to kill as many Jews as possible.  Main train routes are indicated on the map as this was the primary means of the Genocide Action.

This more accurate estimate could be arrived at through the finding of the Glaser list which he sent to the American Military Authority in Linz on 5^th August 1945 see Appendix 2.  This is part of a collection of papers which were donated to Yad Vashem in about 1970 by an American freelance correspondent called I.F. Stone when he started his retirement.  

The matter was flagged up to me by Gabor Hirsch, now of Esslingen, Switzerland.  Gabor raised with me several matters about his imprisonment in Auschwitz.

I left Glaser in Auschwitz on Christmas Eve 1944 in the first evacuation march to Loeslau (Wodzislaw Slaski).  For the period 9^th July to 24^th Dec 1944 I was a runner (Laeufer) of the Capo Kleiderkammer, none other than Leo Glaser. Thereafter I had a very difficult four months being transported to Gross Rosen, Buchenwald, Mauthausen and by a forced march further to Gunskirchen.  This was a very crowded forest camp without fences at which we were left to starve as we were basically not given any food, there was very little water, one tap served the whole camp of several thousand people.  The camp was infested with lice and vermin.

On 4^th May 1945 I was crawling on my belly at night trying to escape from this hellhole where we were left to slowly die.  A guard stopped me and by coincidence it was Leo Glaser, now in SS uniform and carrying a rifle.  Although it was night there was enough moonlight for us both to recognise one another.  The erstwhile Capo of the Kleiderkammer had an atrophied right arm to make him easily recognisable.  As he challenged me he asked what I was doing crawling through the forest.  And I told him I was trying to escape.  We could hear the artillery of the Americans by this time.  He said that the countryside is full of armed men and that I should return to the camp for I would soon be freed.  I however I asked him to give me some food.  He said he was on guard duty and had nothing on him.  He said to come again to this place tomorrow and he will bring me some food.  I reluctantly took his advice and starved for another 24 hours.  Next night I crawled out to the same place but he was not there.  I saw a hut at the back of a clearing and went there.  This hut was obviously where the guards were quartered.  The hut appeared to have been abandoned in a hurry.  There was no food there.  I went back to the camp and the first person I met was Honza Polak whom I knew from Theresienstadt.  Honza now lives in Frankfurt and we are still in touch.  I told him that the guards are gone and we are free to leave the camp and so we walked out into the night free on the evening of 5^th May 1945.

Notes:

¹⁾        Auschwitz Chronicle 2^nd May, 1944 page 618 by Danuta Czech.  Eng. Translation, Publ. by I.B. Tauris, London 1990

²⁾        Jalkut Moreshet, May 1985, Article by Sari Reuveni

³⁾       The Politics of Genocide by Randolph L. Braham, publ. by Columbia University Press

⁴⁾       Leo Glaser letter & list to the Military Governor at Linz dated 5^th August, 1945

Appendix :

1.         Gaško List (obtainable on the internet, but also reprinted in The Politics of Genocide)

2.         Glaser Letter (and English  translation) dated 5^th Aug., 1945 with six page List. (Appendix II)

3.         Map of Hungary, incl. Slovakia, Subcarpathian territory (now Ukraine), Transylvania (now

            Romania) and Serbia marked to show all train departures. Appendix III

4.         Aerial Photograph of Auschwitz Taken by the Royal Air Force during WWII  Appendix IV

Appendix II

The Original Glaser Letter with List 5th August 1945

 (Source "Yad Vashem" Archives)

	Click to enlarge
	The Translation to English
	Translated by Michael Honey
Copy                              3686-PS     Director Leo Glaser Lambach 5th August, 1945                                          To the                                        American Military Authority in Linz   Subject:      SS  - Hauptsturmfuehrer Krammer of the Concentration Camp                   Bergen Belsen.                                                                                  I have learnt through the press and radio that Hauptsturmfuehrer Krammer the Commandant of the Concentration Camp Bergen Belsen is accused of the murder of 27,000 Jews.  In the year 1944 Krammer was the Commandant of the Concentration Camp of Auschwitz II Birkenau.               During his command and in the period from May 1944 until 20th September 1944  650,000 Jews (men women and children) were killed with poison gas and the bodies were burnt in the crematoria.  This is the greatest mass murder of all time.  In the above cited period approximately 825,000 Jews from all the conquered lands were brought to Auschwitz,   About 20%of this total figure (men and women) came into the camp, the rest were destroyed.                 In the enclosure I take the liberty to attach a detailed listing of the male arrivals admitted from Hungarian transports to the camp at Auschwitz.  The numbers of women arriving is nearly the same as men if not somewhat higher.                   I was held confined seven years in various concentration camps as a Political Prisoner until my freeing on 6th May this year and I was from October 1942 until January 1945 in Auschwitz Birkenau.  I am an eye witness of the above mentioned gruesome deeds and had the opportunity to make notes about the arriving trains.  I carried these notes on my person in constant danger to my life  up to my gaining freedom.                   For this Hungarian Jewish Action Adolf  Hitler specially appointed and put in authority the SS Obrsturmbannfuehrer Hess who was known for his brutality and cruelty, The Lagerkommandant was SS Hauptsturmfuehrer Kramer and the First Preventive Detention Camp Kommandant  was the SS Hauptsturmfuehrer Schwartzhuber.  SS Hauptsturmfuehrer Moll carried out his bloody handiwork completely and in particularly cruel and bestial ways.  He had the overall supervision for the operation and organisation of the work of the 4 Krematoria.                   Should these data be of interest to anyone I respectfully ask the American Military command, to use this letter as my evidence and forward it on.  I am ready at any time to explain the data.                                                                                                           Signed                                            Leo Glaser Director of the Insurance Company of the Austrian Federal Lands Vienna, Now at Elisabeth Street 24, Vienna 1
Combination Table	May 1944	June 1944
(Click to enlarge)	(Click to enlarge)	(Click to enlarge)
July 1944	August 1944	September 1944
(Click to enlarge)	(Click to enlarge)	(Click to enlarge)

Train Analysis of the Hungarian Genocide Action

Michael Honey 27.01.08

      בשביל מידע הזאת צריך להניח ש 10% יותר נשים נבחרו לחיים מגברים (ברשימות של גלאסר הוא כותב על גברים אבל הוא אומר שיותר נשים נבחרו מגברים) המספר של אנשים שנהרגו בא מהוראת גברים ונשים שנבחרו לחיים, ילדים נהרגו.

For the purpose of this analysis it is assumed that 10% more women were selected than men (Glaser lists only men selected, but he says more women were selected than men)  The number of people killed is arrived at by subtracting the numbers of men and women selected for life, children were killed.

Michael Honey 27.01.08

Appendix III

The Map of the Hungarian Genocide

Drawn by Michal Honey February 2008 and revised September 2008

(Click to enlarge)

Michael Honey:

In thinking further about the Hungarian Action in 1944 it occurs to me to summarise the various elements of this history which these regimes brought together for German and Hungarian policies all to the disadvantage of Jews.

Both the German and Hungarian regimes had anti-Semitism as major platforms of their policies.  Thus when they forged an alliance they shaped their actions to the advantage of each regime.

Germany needed more manpower not only on the eastern front, but also for their war production industries.  And in particular, because of the war, food in Germany was getting scarce.

A devils bargain was struck.  The Germans said: “We have given you the territories in Slovakia and in the Ukraine and Romania otherwise also termed Transylvania and you give us your Jews, all 600,000 of them, who live in your lands and territories.  That will release your large food production to send it to us.  What is more we Germany will pay you for the food production which you will be able to ship to us.

The map above and the Auschwitz Layout below both demonstrate  two essential ingredients which the Germans and Hungarians needed in order to carry out the genocide of Hungarian Jewry, together with genocide of the Jews of parts of Slovakia, Ukraine and Romania ceded to Hungary during World War II to comprise “Greater Hungary”.

It goes without saying that Hitler understood the political stance of the Horty Hungarian regime.  It was agreed by the two fascist powers that Hungarian troops would participate in the fighting on the Eastern Front and it was further agreed to cooperate with Germany for the destruction of Jews for which the Germans had the euphemism that the Jews would be relocated.  This came into effect in May 1944.  The Germans proposed to follow their well tried methods of first removing the men from their families.  Relocation needed trains and a train network.  The network shown on the attached diagram has been made following a study of the departure points and the routes which such trains should take for the relocation site; “Auschwitz”.  It was only then that the meaning of relocation was “Genocide”.

The attachment below demonstrates how the relocation also catered for the logistics of disposing of such a large number of corpses.  Pits were shown to be feasible for this and the many bones left after such fires could be ground up with grinding machines used to manufacture gravel.  At this point of such a plan the Germans would advise that Jewish young men should be called up into the Hungarian army to serve as slave labour both at the eastern front and in the hinterland.  The Germans could demonstrate how it was done in the rest of Europe.  Removing the able bodied men rendered their families helpless.  Thus the men were simply recruited into slave labour companies which were regarded as part of the Hungarian army to be used and ground up with hard labour.  Removing the able bodied Jewish men from their families was an essential part of rendering the families defenceless for subsequent relocation.

In addition to this the Germans provided the tutelage to the Hungarian Gendarmerie on how to dispossess Jews of all their property both movable and immovable.  An organising team of experts in Genocide were sent by Germany under the command of Adolph Eichmann to Budapest in order to facilitate this gruesome task.  All this is well described in such books as The Politics of Genocide by Prof. Randolph L. Braham and Das letzte Kapitel by Götz Aly and Christian Gerlach.  The latter two writers spent many months in Yad Vashem in Jerusalem examining data in order to write their book.  Both these books made the important point that there was yet another essential benefit to both Germany and Hungary.  And that was looting Jewish property.  The loot was payment on account to the Hungarians for the devil’s bargain. "

Appendix IV

Aerial Photograph of Auschwitz Taken by the Royal Air Force during WWII

The Birkenau layout is an aerial photograph taken by the RAF at the time of this genocide.  The English and Americans would fly to bomb Dresden for example and they would fly over to Russia where they would refuel and load more bombs.  In this way Germany was bombed from both sides.  They overflew Auschwitz many times but never bombed the crematoria and the railway ramp.

Michael Honey

When this list was finished he influenced the town council to erect a memorial to their neighbors who were murdered.   The memorial was built at the expense of this Czech community and it is the only memorial like this in the Czech Republic. 

In 2002 he came on aliya to Israel.

He has lectured at several International Jewish Genealogy Conferences:

Toronto (1993), Boston (1996), Los Angeles (1998), London (2001), Washington (2003).and Jerusalem 2004.

 Contact: mhoney@013.net.il